Which of the following is considered a waste in the Lean methodology?

In Lean methodology, waste is defined as anything that does not add value to the customer or the production process. Excess inventory is a prime example of waste because it represents resources that are tied up without contributing to immediate customer demand. When inventory levels are higher than necessary, it can lead to increased storage costs, risk of obsolescence, and greater complexity in management and logistics. This excess not only utilizes space and capital but can also mask underlying inefficiencies and issues in the production process.

On the other hand, customer satisfaction is a key goal in Lean practices, as it drives value and focuses efforts on meeting customer needs effectively. Streamlined processes and efficient transportation are considered best practices within Lean, aimed at reducing waste and improving the flow of value to the customer. Therefore, excess inventory stands out as a clear waste by obstructing the goal of maximizing efficiency and delivering value.